About Pharmacology

About Pharmacology

About Pharmacology

hear the best way explain what is pharmacology, how to it important, and also explain the best way definition of pharmacology, branches of pharmacology their definition and they're important in the body system

Definition of pharmacology 

• Pharmacology is defined as the action of a drug on the living system, organism and also organism tissue. 
• Pharmacology is also incorporated and define physical and chemical biochemical and physiological action with its mechanism, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and also excretion with its therapeutic action
• Pharmacology also explains how, where drug action in the body tissue and body cell participating in the process

BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY

There are six main branches of pharmacology and also the best way to explain it below. 

1. Pharmacokinetics.
2. Pharmacodynamics.
3. Pharmacotherapeutics.
4. Clinical Pharmacology.
5. Toxicology.
6. Pharmacometrics

1.Pharmacokinetics :

Pharmacokinetics which deals with ( ADME ) Absorption, distribution, metabolism. and excretion of a drug and its process are also involved in changing biological action like changing concentration of the drug in the body.

2.Pharmacodynamics:

The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action is called pharmacodynamics. it has also explained structure relationship activity, dose-response relationship, and also drug-receptor interaction. 

3.Pharmacotherapeutics

It is the application of drugs in the prevention and treatment of diseases. It comprises of  Rational Pharmacotherapeutics and Empirical pharmacotherapeutics. 

• Rational Pharmacotherapeutic - the selection of drug are generally known as " Rational Pharmacotherapeutics.
• Empirical Pharmacotherapeutics -  yet that particular drug is used successfully to cure certain diseases are known as Empirical pharmacotherapeutics.
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Chemotherapy:

It is the use of chemical compounds in the treatment of infectious diseases so as to destroy the offending parasites or microbes without damaging host tissues. A chemotherapeutic drug should be ideally parasitologic and not organotropic.C Chemotherapy is a spectacular success, because many endangering infective diseases have been cured by chemotherapeutic drugs, saving millions of ailing lives.

Immunopharmacology-

It is the branch of pharmacology dealing with the study of immunological aspects of drug action. It also includes the effects of drugs infectious diseases so as to destroy the offending parasites or microbes without damaging the host tissues. affecting the immune system of the body drugs.

Pharmacogenetics: 

It is the branch of pharmacology dealing with variations of drug response due to genetic factors. e.g. primaquine-induced hemolysis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. An advanced branch related to the use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis in different patients is pharmacogenomics. This branch describes an individual variation of drug action based on the genome of the body

4.Clinical Pharmacology :

Drugs are ultimately meant to cure human sufferings. The branch concerned with the scientific studies on the effects of drug treatment in human beings is defined as clinical pharmacology

5.Toxicology 

It is the science dealing with the adverse effects of drugs and the study of poisons. Poisons are harmful substances which are dangerous or fatal to the living organism. As such, it is difficult to differentiate a 'drug and poison' since any drug may be poisonous if not used properly or used in toxic doses. Drugs used to counteract the poisonous effects are called antidotes. Drugs used in such measures, as to impart deleterious effects which may even prove fatal, incorporate toxicology. Toxic signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are all included in the study of toxicology. Such studies are done on experimental animals, to study the toxicity of drugs.

6.Pharmacometrics:

It is the branch of pharmacology, dealing with identification (screening) and comparative evaluation (qualitative or quantitative) of drugs.

SOURCES OF DRUGS

Drugs may be obtained from 

  1. Plants, 

  2.Animals. 

  3. Minerals or 

  4. Micro-organisms

1. Drugs from plant source: 

There is a vast vegetative flora (indigenous source) from which leaves, flowers, fruits, roots. stems, seeds, barks, wood, bulbs, etc. are being used as drugs. Crude drugs are treated to isolate their active principle They, in turn, are purified, identified and wherever possible, used as drugs. For example, from the leaves of foxglove the cardiac glycosides, are isolated VIZ. digitalis; Poppy capsule gives opium; cinchona bark yields quinine etc.

2. Drugs from animal source: 

Liver, endocrine glands and secretory organ of animals are used to extract active constituents, g. liver extract, insulin, thyroxine, and pepsin, etc.

3. Drugs from mineral source: 

This comprises of metals and non-me with their salts, mineral acids, etc., e.g. iron, zinc, aluminum, mercury, etc. in the form of salts. Hydrochloric acid (dilute) is an example of a mineral acid.

4. Micro-organisms: 

The substances isolated from microorganisms are used in high dilution to kill or prevent the growth of other microbes citric acid etc. These substances are known as antibiotics. e.g. penicillin, streptomycin, etc. s: Many times the drugs obtained from natural sources may not serve the purpose with respect to potency,. specificity, duration of action or may even produce adverse effects.